Chapter 1  Introduction: Linguistics and Schools of Linguistics

  1.1  What Is Linguistics？

  1.2  Schools of Linguistics

Chapter 2  Traditional Grammar

  2.0  Introduction

  2.1  Sanskrit Grammar in Ancient India

  2.2  Grammar in Ancient Greece

  2.3  Grammar in Ancient Rome

  2.4  Grammar in the Middle Ages

  2.5  Linguistics from the Renaissance to the 18th Century

  2.6  Linguistic Tradition in the Middle East and China

  2.7  Summary

Chapter 3  Historical and Comparative Linguistics

  3.0  Introduction

  3.1  Early Development of Historical Linguistics

  3.2  Rask, Grimm and Bopp

  3.3  Wilhelm yon Humboldt

  3.4  Historical Linguistics in the Mid- 19th Century

  3.5  The Study of Ablaut

  3.6  Neogrammarians

  3.7  Jespersen and International Phonetic Alphabet

  3.8  Summary

Chapter 4  Schools of European Structuralism

  4.0  Introduction

  4.1  Sanssure and Course in General Linguistics

    4.1.1  Historical Background and Sources of Saussure's Ideas

    4.1.2  Saussure's Contributions to General Linguistics

      4.1.2.1  Langue vs.Parole

      4.1.2.2  Signifier vs.Signified

      4.1.2.3  Arbitrariness

      4.1.2.4  Linear Nature ( Syntagmatic vs.Paradigmatic)

      4.1.2.5  Synchronic Linguistics vs.Diachronic Linguistics

    4.1.3  Saussure's Impact and Legacy

  4.2  French School

    4.2.1  French Post-Saussurean Linguistics

    4.2.2  Martinet's Structural-Functional Linguistics

  4.3  Prague School

    4.3.1  Mathesius and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)

    4.3.2  Trubetzkoy and Principles of Phonology

    4.3.3  Jakobson and Distinctive Features

    4.3.4  Markedness Theory

  4.4  Copenhagen School

    4.4.1  Introduction to the Copenhagen Linguistic Circle

    4.4.2  Hjelmslev and Glossematics

  4.5  Summary

Chapter 5  Schools of American Descriptivism and Structuralism

  5.0  Introduction

  5.1  Early Period: Boas and Sapir

    5.1.1  Boas and his Linguistic Views

    5.1.2  Sapir and his Linguistic Method and Theories

      5.1.2.1  Sapir the Man

      5.1.2.2  Sapir's Linguistic Method and Theories

    5.1.3  The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

  5.2  Bloomfieldian Age

    5.2.1  Bloomfield and the Stimulus-Response Theory

    5.2.2  Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis)

  5.3  Post-Bloomfieldian Age

    5.3.1  Harris and his Linguistic Views

    5.3.2  Hockett and his Linguistic Views

  5.4  Summary

Chapter 6  Generative Schools

  6.0  Introduction

  6.1  Chomsky and the Innateness Hypothesis

  6.2  Transformational-Generative Grammar

    6.2.1  The Classical Theory

    6.2.2  The Standard Theory

    6.2.3  The Extended Standard Theory

    6.2.4  Government and Binding Theory

      6.2.4.1  Phrase Structures and X-bar Theory

      6.2.4.2  C-Command and Government

      6.2.4.3  Binding Theory

    6.2.5  Minimalism

  6.3  Generative Phonology and Optimality Theory

    6.3.1  Generative Phonology

    6.3.2  Optimality Theory

      6.3.2.1  Input 'and GEN: the Candidate Set

      6.3.2.2  CON: the Constraint Set

      6.3.2.3  EVAL: Definition of Optimality

  6.4  Generative Semantics

  6.5  Summary

Chapter 7  London School

  7.0  Introduction

  7.1  Malinowski's Theories

  7.2  Firth's Theories

    7.2.1  Firth's Study of Meaning

    7.2.2  Firth's Prosodic Analysis

  7.3  Neo-Firthian Age

    7.3.1  Randolph Quirk and his Linguistic Studies

    7.3.2  Robins and his Linguistic Studies

    7.3.3  Sinclair and his Linguistic Studies

    7.3.4  John Lyons and his Linguistic Studies

  7.4  Summary

Chapter 8  Systemic-Functional School

  8.0  Introduction

  8.1  Halliday and his Linguistic Views

    8.1.1  Halliday the Man

    8.1.2  Halliday's Linguistic Views

    8.1.3  Halliday's Early Study: Scale and Category Grammar

  8.2  Systemic Grammar

    8.2.1  Entry Condition

    8.2.2  Meaning Potential and Realization

  8.3  Functional Grammar

    8.3.1  Ideational Function

      8.3.1.1  Material Process