Introduction

5 Semiconductors

　5.1 Bated Theory of Bonding in Crystalline Solids

　5.2 Electrical Classification of Solids

　5.3 Semiconductor Classes

　　5.3.1 Intrinsic or Elemental Semiconductors

　　5.3.2 Doped Extrinsic Semiconductors

　　5.3.3 Compound Semiconductors

　　5.3.4 Grimm-Sommerfeld Rule

　5.4 Concentrations of Charge Carriers

　5.5 Transport Properties

　　5.5.1 Electromigration

　　5.5.2 Diffusion

　　5.5.3 Hall Effect

　5.6 Physical Properties of Semiconductors

　5.7 Industrial Applications and Uses

　5.8 Common Semiconductors

　　5.8.1 Silicon

　　5.8.2 Germanium

　　5.8.3 Boron

　　5.8.4 Other Semiconductors

　5.9 Semiconductor Wafer Processing

　　5.9.1 Monocrystal Growth

　　5.9.2 Wafer Production

　5.10 The P-N Junction

　5.11 Further Reading

6 Superconductors

　6.1 Description and General Properties

　6.2 Superconductor Types

　　6.2.1 Type I Superconductors

　　6.2.2 Type II Superconductors

　　6.2.3 High-critical-temperature Superconductors

　　6.2.4 Organic Superconductors

　6.3 Basic Theory

　6.4 Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect

　6.5 History.

　6.6 Industrial Applications and Uses

　6.7 Further Reading

7 Magnetic Materials

　7.1 Magnetic Physical Quantities

　　7.1.1 Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetomotive Force

　　7.1.2 Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Induction.

　　7.1.3 Magnetic Flux

　　7.1.4 Magnetic Dipole Moment

　　7.1.5 Magnetizability, Magnetization, and Magnetic Susceptibility

　　7.1.6 Magnetic Force Exerted on a Material

　　7.1.7 Magnetic Force Exerted by Magnets

　　7.1.8 Magnetic Energy Density Stored

　　7.1.9 Magnetoresistance

　　7.1.10 Magnetostriction

　　7.1.11 Magnetocaloric Effect

　　7.1.12 SI and CGS Units Used in Electromagnetism

　7.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials

　　7.2.1 Diamagnetic Materials

　　7.2.2 Paramagnetic Materials

　　7.2.3 Ferromagnetic Materials

　　7.2.4 Antiferromagnetic Materials

　　7.2.5 Ferrimagnetic Materials

　7.3 Ferromagnetic Materials

　　7.3.1 B-H Magnetization Curve and Hysteresis Loop

　　7.3.2 Eddy-Current Losses

　　7.3.3 Induction Heating

　　7.3.4 Soft Ferromagnetic Materials

　　7.3.5 Hard Magnetic Materials

　　7.3.6 Magnetic Shielding and Materials Selection

　7.4 Industrial Applications of Magnetic Materials

　7.5 Further Reading

8 Insulators and Dielectrics

　8.1 Physical Quantities of Dielectrics

　　8.1.1 Permittivity of Vacuum

　　8.1.2 Permittivity of a Medium

　　8.1.3 Relative Permittivity and Dielectric Constant

　　8.1.4 Capacitance

　　8.1.5 Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance

　　8.1.6 Charging and Discharging a Capacitor

　　8.1.7 Capacitance of a Parallel-Electrode Capacitor

　　8.1.8 Capacitance of Other Capacitor Geometries

　　8.1.9 Hectrostatic Energy Stored in a Capacitor

　　8.1.10 Hectric Field Strength

　　8.1.11 Hectric Hux Density

　　8.1.12 Microscopic Hectric Dipole Moment

　　8.1.13 Polarizability

　　8.1.14 Macroscopic Electric Dipole Moment

　　8.1.15 Polarization

　　8.1.16 Hectric Susceptibility

　　8.1.17 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage

　　8.1.18 Dielectric Absorption

　　8.1.19 Dielectric Losses

　　8.1.20 Loss Tangent or Dissipation Factor

　　8.1.21 Dielectric Heating

　8.2 Physical Properties of Insulators

　　8.2.1 Insulation Resistance

　　8.2.2 Volume Hectrical Resistivity.

　　8.2.3 Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Resistivity

　　8.2.4 Surface Hectrical Resistivity

　　8.2.5 Leakage Current

　　8.2.6 SI and CGS Units Used in Hectricity

　8.3 Dielectric Behavior

　　8.3.1 Hectronic Polarization

　　8.3.2 Ionic Polarization

　　8.3.3 Dipole Orientation

　　8.3.4 Space Charge Polarization

　　8.3.5 Effect of Frequency on Polarization

　　8.3.6 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Losses

　8.4 Dielectric Breakdown Mechanisms

　　8.4.1 Hectronic Breakdown or Corona Mechanism