Introduction

1 Properties of Materials

　1.1 Physical Properties

　　1.1.1 Mass Density

　　1.1.2 Theoretical Density or X-ray Density of Solids

　　1.1.3 Apparent, Bulk, and Tap Densities

　　1.1.4 Specific Weight

　　1.1.5 Specific Gravity

　　1.1.6 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle

　　1.1.7 Pycnometers for Solids

　　1.1.8 Density of Mixtures

　1.2 Mechanical Properties

　　1.2.1 Stress and Pressure

　　1.2.2 Strain

　　1.2.3 Elastic Moduli and Hooke's Law

　　1.2.4 The Stress-Strain Curve

　　1.2.5 Strain Hardening Exponent

　　1.2.6 Hardness

　　1.2.7 Resilience and Modulus of Resilience

　　1.2.8 Toughness

　　1.2.9 Maximum Allowable Stress

　　1.2.10 Fracture Toughness

　　1.2.11 Brittleness Indices

　　1.2.12 Creep

　　1.2.13 Ductile-Brittle Transition

　　1.2.14 Fatigue

　　1.2.15 Tribological and Lubricating Properties of Solids

　　　 1.2.15.1 Static Friction Coefficient

　　　 1.2.15.2 Sliding Friction Coefficient

　　1.2.16 Ashby's Mechanical Performance Indices

　　1.2.17 Order of Magnitude of Mechanical Properties of Solid Materials

　1.3 Acoustical Properties

　　1.3.1 Velocity of Sound in Materials

　　1.3.2 Sound Intensity

　　1.3.3 Attenuation of Sound at a Given Distance from a Source

　　1.3.4 Damping Capacity of Solids and Loss Factor

　1.4 Thermal Properties

　　1.4.1 Molar and Specific Heat Capacities

　　1.4.2 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion

　　1.4.3 Volume Expansion on Melting

　　1.4.4 Thermal Shock Resistance

　　1.4.5 Heat Transfer Processes

　　1.4.6 Thermal Conductivity

　　1.4.7 Thermal Diffusivity

　　1.4.8 Spectral Emissivity

　　1.4.9 Temperature and Latent Enthalpies of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation

　　1.4.10 Order of Magnitude of Thermal Properties of Materials

　1.5 Optical Properties

　　1.5.1 Index of Refraction

　　1.5.2 Total Reflection and Critical Angle

　　1.5.3 Specific and Molar Refraction

　　1.5.4 Refractivity

　　1.5.5 Dispersion

　　1.5.6 Coefficient of Dispersion

　　1.5.7 Abbe Number

　　1.5.8 Temperature Dependence of the Refractive Index

　　1.5.9 Anisotropic Materials

　　1.5.10 Birefringence

　　1.5.11 Albedo and Reflective Index

　　1.5.12 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum

　　1.5.13 Order of Magnitude of Optical Properties of Transparent Materials.

　　1.5.14 Macroscopic Absorption of Light

　　　1.5.14.1 Damping Constant

　　　1.5.14.2 First Law of Absorption (Bouger's Law)

　　　1.5.14.3 Second Law of Absorption (Beer-Lambert Law)

　　　1.5.14.4 Absorbance or Optical Density

　　1.5.15 Microscopic Absorption and Emission Processes

　　1.5.16 Einstein Coefficients

　　　1.5.16.1 Einstein Coefficient of Absorption

　　　1.5.16.2 Einstein Coefficient of Spontaneous Emission

　　　1.5.16.3 Einstein Coefficient of Stimulated Emission

　　　1.5.16.4 Relation Between Einstein Coefficients

　　　1.5.16.5 Relations Between Einstein and Extinction Coefficients

　　1.5.17 Luminescence

　　　1.5.17.1 Excitation

　　　1.5.17.2 Internal Conversion

　　　1.5.17.3 Fluorescence

　　　1.5.17.4 Intercombination

　　　1.5.17.5 Delayed Fluorescence

　　　1.5.17.6 Phosphorescence

　1.6 Other Properties

　　1.6.1 Biocompatibility

　　1.6.2 Electronegativity

　　1.6.3 Chemical Abstract Registry Number

　1.7 Fundamental Constants

　1.8 Conversion Factors

　1.9 Further Reading

　　1.9.1 Mathematics and Statistics

　　1.9.2 Units and Conversion Tables

　　1.9.3 Physics

　　1.9.4 Physical Chemistry

　　1.9.5 Engineering Fundamentals

　　1.9.6 General Handbooks

　　1.9.7 Mechanical Properties

　　1.9.8 Electrical Properties

　　1.9.9 Thermal Properties

　　1.9.10 Metallurgy

　　1.9.11 Materials Science

A Background Data for the Chemical Elements

　A.1 Periodic Chart of the Elements

　A.2 Historical Names of the Chemical Elements

　A.3 UNS Standard Alphabetical Designation

　A.4 Na