1 URINARY TRACT STRUCTURE AND INFECTION

  Introduction

  Normal anatomy of the urinary tract

  Structure of the kidney

  Innervation of the urinary tract

  Embryology of the kidney and urinary tract

  Infection of the urinary tract

  Aetiology and pathogenesis of urinary tract

  infection

  Investigation of urinary tract infection

  Imaging of the urinary tract

  Vesicoureteric reflux

  Overview: treatment of urinary tract infections

2 BODY FLUIDS, NEPHRON FUNCTION AND DIURETICS

  Introduction

  Body fluid and electrolyte distribution

  Functional anatomy of the nephron

  Sodium transport

  Regulation of sodium transport

  Potassium transport

  Pharmacology of diuretic agents

  Principles of fluid and electrolyte replacement

  therapy

3 WATER BALANCE AND REGULATION OF OSMOLALITY

  Introduction

  Causes and assessment of polyuria

  Renal mechanisms for urine concentration

  Feedback control of plasma osmolality

  Failure to concentrate the urine

  Failure to dilute the urine

4 ACID-BASE BALANCE AND REGULATION OF pH

  Introduction

  Role of the kidney in H+ balance

  Disturbances of acid-base balance: acidosis

  Disturbances of acid-base balance: alkalosis

  Summary of findings in principal acid-base

  disturbances

5 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

  Introduction

  Renal blood flow

  Glomerular filtration

  Autoregulation of renal blood flow and glomerular

  filtration rate

  Renal excretion and the clearance formula

  Measuring the glomerular filtration rate

  Urea

  Pathophysiology of oliguria

  Causes of acute kidney injury

  Acute tubular necrosis

  Overview: assessment and management of a

  patient with acute kidney injury

  Biochemical changes in acute kidney injury

  Complications of acute kidney injury

  Management of acute kidney injury

6 PROTEINURIA AND THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

  Introduction

  Pathophysiology of oedema formation

  Glomerular anatomy and the filtration barrier

  Normal and abnormal proteinuria

  Nephrotic syndrome

  Natural history and response to treatment

7 GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND THE ACUTE NEPHRITIC SYNDROME

  Introduction

  Urinary sediment examination

  Presentation and consequences of glomerular

  disease

  Investigation of glomerulonephritis

  Differential diagnosis of acute

  glomerulonephritis

  Pathogenesis of acute glomerulonephritis

  Outcome of glomerulonephritis

  Clinicopathological correlations in

  glomerulonephritis

8 DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

  Introduction

  Presentation of chronic kidney disease

  Stages of chronic kidney disease

  Causes of chronic kidney disease _

  Pathology of diabetic nephropathy and chronic

  kidney disease

  Main consequences of chronic kidney disease

  Progression of chronic kidney disease

  Principles of treatment

9 END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE AND REPLACEMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION

  Introduction

  Replacement of kidney function

  Principles and modes of dialysis

  Principles and modes of transplantation

  Conservative therapy for advanced chronic kidney

  disease

10 HYPERTENSION AND THE KIDNEY

  Introduction

  Determinants of normal blood pressure and role

  of the kidney

  Pathogenesis of essential hypertension

  The pathology of hypertension

  Principles in the management of hypertension

  Secondary hypertension

11 PREGNANCY AND THE KIDNEY

  Introduction

  Structural changes in the urinary tract during

  pregnancy

  Urinary tract infection in pregnancy

  Renal physiology changes in pregnancy

  Blood pressure and pregnancy

  Hypertension in pregnancy

  Management of hypertension in pregnancy

  Follow-up of patients with hypertension in

  pregnancy

  Pregnancy in patients with pre-existing

  kidney disease

12 URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION AND STONES

  Introduction

  Differential diagnosis of loin pain and haematuria

  Imaging of the urinary tract

  Pathophysiology of urinary tract obstruction

  Renal calculi

  Principle