Acknowledgements

Prologue

Chapter 1

　The Troubled Concept of Identity

　1.1　Introduction

　1.2　Identity in the practical worldsociety

　1.3　Identity on the theoretical level

　　1.3.1　Philosophical approaches to identity

　　1.3.2　Psychological approaches to identity

　　1.3.3　Sociological approaches to identity

　1.4　The need of further exploration

Chapter 2

　Why Has Identity Become a Problem in Modern Societies?

　2.1　Introduction

　2.2　Why identity and modernity?

　2.3　What are modernity and modernization?

　2.4　Giddens' view: Self-identity with anxieties caused by external

　　changes

　　2.4.1　Modernity

　　2.4.2　What is the latehigh modernity?

　　2.4.3　Self and self-identity in relation to the late modernity

　　2.4.4　Lifestyles and self-identity formation

　2.5　Bauman's view: Identity as an unfulfilled project due to radical

　　individualism

　　2.5.1　What is liquid modernity?

　　2.5.2　Problem of identity and individual de jure

　　2.5.3　Citizenship and Individual de facto

　2.6　Individualization, modernity and identity

　2.7　Other questions related to the problem of identity

　　2.7.1　Where does the problem of identity exist?

　　2.7.2　To whom the identity has become a problem?

　　2.7.3　How does identity become a problem?

　2.8　Critical observations

　　2.8.1　Different ""anxieties', different identity problems

　　2.8.2　Criticisms towards Giddens' analyses: Radical individualism

　　and hidden power

　　2.8.3　Criticism towards Bauman

　2.9　Implications for lifelong learning and some criticisms

　2.10　Reflections on the notion of reflexivity in relation to identity

Chapter 3

　Understanding Personal Identity Dialectically: Through the Lens of Paul

　Ricoeur

　3.1　Introduction: Paradoxes of personal identity

　3.2　Ricoeur's view on the self: An ontological view

　3.3　Ricoeur's view on personal identity: Is identity a 'thing'?

　3.4　Reflexivity and the dialectical understanding of personal

　identity

　3.5　The role of narrative in understanding identity

Chapter 4

　Does Personal Identity Matter? From Charles Taylor's Views

　4.1　Introduction: Does personal identity matter?

　4.2　Taylor's view on the self

　　4.2.1　Self in 'moral space'

　　4.2.2　Self in the web of interlocution

　　4.2.3　Self is partly constituted by its self-interpretation

　4.3　Taylor's definition of identity

　　4.3.1　Identity as moral being

　　4.3.2　'Others' in moral identity

　4.4　The need of narrative in moral identity

　　4.4.1　Self-interpretation requires language

　　4.4.2　Narrative is an inescapable temporal structure

　　4.4.3　Is narrative an inescapable structure?

Chapter 5

　Lifelong Learning, Identity and Narrative in Late Modernity

　5.1　Introduction

　5.2　The emergence of lifelong learning: From education to learning to

　　lifelong learning

　　5.2.1　From the discourse of education to the discourse of

　　learning

　　5.2.2　Changes and lifelong learning

　　5.2.3　Flexibility, reflexivity and lifelong learning

　　5.2.4　A brief critique

　5.3　Problems of the 'reflexive project of the self'

　5.4　The role of narrative in lifelong learning in relation to Giddens'

　analysis of identity

Chapter 6

　Towards a Theory of Reflexive Learning

　6.1　Introduction

　6.2　Personal identity and lifelong learning

　　6.2.1　Personal identity as a 'thing' and as a 'being'

　　6.2.2　'Learning' and 'lifelong learning' that is relevant to personal

　　identity

　6.3　A definition of learning

　6.4　Views of reflexive learning that are relevant to identity at a conceptual

　　level

　　6.4.1　Reflexive learning in the dialectic between sameness and

　　selfhood

　　6.4.2　Reflexive learning in the dialectic between selfhood and

　　otherness

　　6.4.3　Reflexive learning in the dialectic between sameness and

　　otherness

　　6.4.4　Reflexive learning in the dialectic between horizontal thinking

　　and vertical thinking

　6.5　Views of reflexive learning that are relevant to identity at a moral level

　　6.5.1　The dialogical self in a moral framework and reflexive

　　learning

　　6.5.2　Articulation and reflexive learning

　　6.5.3　Multiple moral frameworks, authenticity and reflexive

　　learning

　6.6　The need of narrative in learning that is relevant to personal

　　identity

　　6.6.1　The need of narrative in lifelong learning concerning personal

　　identity at a conceptual level

　　6.6.2　The need of narrative in lifelong learning concerning personal

　　identity on a practical (moral) level

　　6.6.3　Narrative learning concerning identity: A theory from an

　　empirical research

　6.7　Conclusions

Epilogue

Bibliography

Index