Chapter 1　The History of Oceanography

　1.1　Ocean science begins

　1.2　Oceanography as science

　1.3　Oceanography in the twentieth century

　1.4　The recent past, the present, and the future of oceanography

　Vocabularies

　Tips

　Questions

Chapter 2　Earth: The Water Planet

　2.1　Water on Earth' s surface

　2.2　Hydrologic cycle

　2.3　Reservoirs and residence time

　2.4　Oceans

　Vocabularies

　Tips

　Questions

Chapter 3　Sediments on the Sea Floor

　3.1　Particle size

　3.2　Location

　3.3　Rates of deposit

　3.4　Source and chemistry

　3.5　Patterns of deposit on the sea floor

　Vocabularies

　Tips

　Questions

Chapter 4　The Properties of Seawater

　4.1　The water molecule

　4.2　The pH of seawater

　4.3　Salts

　　4.3.1　Ocean salinities

　　4.3.2　Dissolved salts

　　4.3.3　Sources of salt

　　4.3.4　Regulating the salt balance

　4.4　Gases

　　4.4.1　Distribution with depth

　　4.4.2　The carbon dioxide cycle

　　4.4.3　The oxygen balance

　　4.4.4　Measuring the gases

　4.5　Other substances

　　4.5.1　Nutrients

　　4.5.2　Organics

　Vocabularies

　Tips

　Questions

Chapter 5　Circulation and Ocean Structure

　5.1　Density structure

　　5.1.1　Surface processes

　　5.1.2　Changes with depth

　　5.1.3　Densitydriven circulation

　5.2　Upwelling and downwelling

　5.3　The layered oceans

　　5.3.1　The Atlantic Ocean

　　5.3.2　The Pacific Ocean

　　5.3.3　The Indian Ocean

　　5.3.4　The Arctic Ocean

　Vocabularies

　Tips

　Questions

Chapter 6　Environmental Issues and Concerns

　6.1　Water and sediment quality

　　6.1.1　Solid waste dumping

　　6.1.2　Sewage effluent

　　6.1.3　Toxicants

　6.2　Plastic trash

　6.3　Ocean waste management proposals

　6.4　Oil spills

　6.5　Marine wetlands

　6.6　Biological invaders

　6.7　Overfishing and incidental catch

　Vocabularies

　ips

　Questions

Chapter 7　Ocean Biology

　7.1　Groups of organisms

　7.2　Environmental zones

　7.3　Buoyancy, flotation, and viscosity

　Vocabularies

　Tips

　Questions

Chapter 8　Marine Environment for Organisms

　8.1　Salinity and osmosis

　8.2　Temperature

　8.3　Pressure

　8.4　Gas

　8.5　Nutrients

　8.6　Light and color

　8.7　Circulation patterns

　8.8　Bottom environments

　8.9　Barriers and boundaries

　Vocabularies

　Tips

　Questions

Appendix

　Appendix I　English Terms for General Apparatus and Instruments in the Lab

　Appendix II　English Terms for Commonly Used Reagents

　Appendix III　English Expression for Mathematical Formula

　Appendix IV　English Expression for Mathematical Terms

Reference