1?1What is analytical chemistry11?2Measurement of the analyte21?3Range21?4The analytical perspective32?1Determinate errors52?2Indeterminate errors62?3Accuracy and precision62?3?1Ways of expressing accuracy72?3?2Ways of expressing precision8 2?4The distribution of measurements and results92?4?1Populations and samples102?4?2Probability distributions for populations102?4?3Confidence intervals for populations112?4?4Probability distributions for samples122?5Confidence intervals for samples142?6Rejection of a result152?7Significant figures162?7?1Multiplication and division172?7?2Addition and subtraction182?7?3Logarithms192?8Rounding off19本章小结20PROBLEMS213?1General principles233?1?1Titration233?1?2Standard solutions233?1?3Classification of volumetric methods243?2Titer25本章小结264?1Aqueous Acid?Base Theories274?2Acid?Base Equilbria in Water284?3The pH Scale294?3?1Proton Balance Equation304?3?2Weak Acids and Bases304?3?3Salts of Weal Acids and Bases314?3?4Polyprotic Acids and Their Salts324?3?5Buffers334?4Fraction of Dissociating Species at a Given pH：α?Values35本章小结37PROBLEMS385?1Strong acid strong base395?2Detection of the end point:indicators415?3Acid versus base435?3?1Weak acid versus strong base435?3?2Titration of polyprotic acid465?3?3Mixtures of acid or base465?4Preparation of standard base solutions485?5Preparation of standard acid solutions49本章小结49PROBLEMS516?1Complexes:formation constants536?2Chelates：EDTA546?2?1Metal?EDTA formation constants556?2?2EDTA is a weak acid556?2?3The formation constant556?2?4EDTA must compete with other ligands566?3EDTA titration curves576?3?1Calculating the titration curve576?4Detection of the end point：indicators606?5High purity EDTA626?6Fraction of dissociating species in polyligand complexes:β?values63本章小结65PROBLEMS667?1Principles677?2Electrochemical cells687?3The Nernst equation707?4Calculation of the equilibrium constant of a reaction727?5Titration curves737?6Detection of the end point767?6?1Self?indication767?6?2Starch indicator777?6?3Redox indictors777?7Formal potential787?7?1Dependence of potential on pH797?7?2Dependence of potential on complexation797?8Limitations of electrode potentials807?9Tetrations involving lodine：iodimetry and iodometry807?9?1Iodimetry807?9?2Iodometry827?10Titrations with oxidizing agents837?11Titration with reducing agents867?12Preparation of the analyte solution86本章小结88PROBLEMS898?1Effect of acidity on solubility of precipitates918?2Precipitation titrations938?2?1Titration curves938?2?2Detection of the end point: indicators95本章小结98PROBLEMS999?1Precipitation equilibria: the solubility product1019?2The diverse ion effect on solubility：Ksp1029?3Unit operations in gravimetric analysis1039?3?1Steps of gravimetric analysis1039?3?2Conditions for analytical precipitation1049?3?3Digestion of the precipitate 1059?3?4Impurities in precipitates1079?3?5Washing and filtering the precipitates 1089?3?6Drying or igniting the precipitate 1099?3?7Homogeneous precipitation1109?4Examples of gravimetric analysis111本章小结111PROBLEMS11210?1What is electromagnetic radiation11410?1?1Wave properties of electromagnetic radiation 11410?1?2Particle properties of electromagnetic radiation11510?2Spectroscopy based on absorption11610?2?1Absorbance of electromagnetic radiation11610?2?2UV/Vis spectra for molecules and ions11610?3Transmittance and absorbance11810?4Absorbance and concentration: Beer’s law11910?5Beer’s law and multicomponent samples12010?6Limitations to Beer’s law12010?6?1Foundamental limitations to Beer’s law 12010?6?2Chemical limitations to Beer’s law 12110?6?3Instrumental limitations to Beer’s law121本章小结122PROBLEMS12311?1Classifying separation techniques12511?1?1Separation by precipitation12511?1?2Extraction between two phases 12711?1?3Liquid?liquid extractions 12711?2Partition coefficients and distribution rations128本章小结13012?1Air analysis13112?1?1Air sample collection13112?1?2Air sample analysis13412?2Water analysis13412?2?1Sampling of water13512?2?2Analysis of water samples135