Introduction

   0.1  Purpose and approaches

   0.2  Hierarchical structure of English grammar

Chapter One  Composition of NP and VP

   1.1  Two formulae

   1.2  Composition of NP

   1.3  Composition of VP

Chapter Two  NP: The Determiner

   2.1  Membership

   2.2  Collocation

   2.3  Simple and compound determiner

Chapter Three  NP: The Article

   3.1  Reference

   3.2  Idiomatic use

Chapter Four  NP: Number，Case and Gender

   4.1  Number

   4.2  Case

   4.3  Gender

Chapter Five  NP: Modifiers and Pronoun

   5.1  Modifiers

   5.2  Pronoun

Chapter Six  VP: The Tense

   6.1  Two tenses and no more

   6.2  Sense of time

   6.3  Tense and time

Chapter Seven  VP: The Aspect

   7.1  Progressive

   7.2  Perfective

   7.3  Perfective progressive

Chapter Eight  VP: The Passive Voice

   8.1  Form of the passive

   8.2  Condition and constraints for the use of the passive

   8.3  Expressions active in form but passive in meaning

Chapter Nine  VP: The Mood and The Means of Denoting The Future Time

   9.1  The mood and the moods

   9.2  Mandative and formulaic

   9.3  Means of denoting the future time

Chapter Ten  VP: Modal Auxiliaries

   10.1  Orientation

   10.2  Significance of the distinction of the two orientations

   10.3  Main modals

   10.4  Comparisons

   10.5  Negation

Chapter Eleven  NP and VP: The Adjective and The Adverb（1）

   11.1  Syntactic functions of the adjective

   11.2  Syntactic classification

   11.3  Semantic classification: stative vs.dynamic，gradable vs. Non-gradable

   11.4  Adverb as phrasal element

   11.5  Adverb clausal element

Chapter Twelve  NP and VP: The Adjective and The Adverb（2）,The Preposition

   12.1  Adverb“with two forms”

   12.2  Degrees of adjective and adverb

   12.3  Preposition

   12.4  Collocation

   12.5  Idiomatic use and ellipsis of the preposition

Chapter Thirteen  Transformation: Varieties to The Clause Patterns

   13.1  Transformation and expansion

   13.2  Existential sentence and sentence in which it is involved

   13.3  Transformed sentences where it is involved

Chapter Fourteen  Transformation: Statement，Question，Command and Exclamation

   14.1  Statement

   14.2  Question

   14.3  Command

   14.4  Exclamation

Chapter Fifteen  Transformation: Fronting and Postponement

   15.1  Fronting

   15.2  Inversion

   15.3  Postponement

   15.4  Fronting and postponement

Chapter Sixteen  Transformation: Substitution and Ellipsis

   16.1  Substitution for noun phrases and their constituents

   16.2  Substitution for clauses or clause constituents

   16.3  Ellipsis

Chapter Seventeen  Expansion: From NP to Clause

   17.1  NP1 realized by finite and non-finite clauses

   17.2  （NP4） realized by finite and non-finite clauses

   17.3  （NP2） realized by finite and non-finite clauses

   17.4  Finite and non-finite clauses as objects of prepositions

Chapter Eighteen  Expansion : From（C）to Clause

   18.1  Nominal clauses as（Cs）

   18.2  Adjectival clauses as（Co）

Chapter Nineteen  Expansion: From（M）to clause

   19.1  Clauses as（M1）

   19.2  Finite clauses as（M2）

   19.3  Non-finite clauses as （M2）

Chapter Twenty  Expansion: From [ A ] to Clause（1）

   20.1  Semantic classification and description

Chapter Twenty-one  Expansion: From[A] to Clause（2）

   21.1  Position in clause

   21.2  Dangling clause and its acceptability

   21.3  Syntactic classification

Chapter Twenty-two  Expansion: Coordination and Apposition

   22.1  Syndetic and asyndetic coordination

   22.2  Syntactic features and semantic implications of coordinators

   22.3  Correlatives and some other points about coordination

   22.4  Apposition

Chapter Twenty-three  Sentence Analysis: Phrase Structure Rules

   23.1  Phrase structure rules（1—3）

   23.2  Supplementary features provided by the phrase rules

   23.3  Practice of sentence analysis

Chapter Twenty-four  Sentence Analysis: Transformed Sentences

   24.1  Transformed sentences

   24.2  Pr